Rudolph Carl Virchow (1821 -1902) is included here because of his strong opposition to the evolutionary teachings of Darwin and Haeckel, as well as his strong social conscience. He opposed the racist teachings of Nietzsche and Bismarck and was responsible for major hospital reforms and public health measures.

Sir George Gabriel Stokes, First Baronet (1819 - 1903) was a great British physicist and mathematician, making major contributions in many fields. One of the most significant of his studies was the development of the science of real fluids, laying the foundation of the modern engineering science of fluid mechanics.

James Dwight Dana (1813 -1895) was an American geologist, successor at Yale to Professor Silliman (whose daughter he married) and author of many influential books on geology and mineralogy. He was an early president of both the Geological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Although he became partly convinced of evolutionism, he continued to believe in Biblical Christianity.

Henry Darwin Rogers (1808-1866) was an American geologist well known for his detailed studies of the geology of the Appalachians and also of the coal fields of America and Great Britain.

James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) conducted numerous studies on heat flow and received many honors. No doubt his greatest discovery (made in 1840), however, was the value of the constant known as the "mechanical equivalent of heat," making possible the quantitative conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy, and vice versa.